Cov hlau nplaum yog cov khoom ntxim nyiam uas tau ntes tib neeg lub tswv yim rau ntau pua xyoo. Los ntawm cov neeg Greek thaum ub mus rau cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no, tib neeg tau xav txog txoj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau nplaum thiab lawv cov kev siv ntau yam. Cov hlau nplaum tas mus li yog ib hom hlau nplaum uas khaws nws cov khoom sib nqus txawm tias nws tsis nyob hauv qhov chaw sib nqus sab nraud.peb yuav tshawb nrhiav cov kev tshawb fawb tom qab cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov thiab cov hlau nplaum sib nqus, nrog rau lawv cov khoom, cov khoom, thiab cov ntawv thov.
Tshooj 1: Magnetism yog dab tsi?
Magnetism yog hais txog cov cuab yeej ntawm lub cev ntawm qee cov ntaub ntawv uas tso cai rau lawv nyiam los yog tawm tsam lwm yam ntaub ntawv nrog cov hlau nplaum. Cov ntaub ntawv no tau hais tias yog hlau nplaum lossis muaj cov khoom sib nqus.
Cov ntaub ntawv sib nqus yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov muaj cov khoom sib nqus, uas yog thaj chaw microscopic uas cov chaw sib nqus ntawm ib tus neeg atoms sib haum. Thaum cov domains no tau ua kom zoo, lawv tsim ib qho chaw sib nqus macroscopic uas tuaj yeem kuaj pom sab nraum cov khoom.
Cov khoom sib nqus tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: ferromagnetic thiab paramagnetic. Cov ntaub ntawv ferromagnetic muaj zog sib nqus, thiab suav nrog hlau, nickel, thiab cobalt. Lawv tuaj yeem khaws lawv cov khoom sib nqus txawm tias tsis muaj qhov sib nqus sab nraud. Paramagnetic cov ntaub ntawv, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog cov hlau nplaum tsis muaj zog thiab suav nrog cov ntaub ntawv xws li txhuas thiab platinum. Lawv tsuas pom cov khoom sib nqus thaum raug rau sab nraud magnetic teb.
Magnetism muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv peb lub neej niaj hnub, suav nrog hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob, cov tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab cov hloov pauv. Cov ntaub ntawv sib nqus kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia xws li hard drives, thiab hauv cov duab kho mob zoo li magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Ntu 2: Sib Nqus Teb
Sib nqus teb yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau nplaum thiab piav qhia txog thaj chaw nyob ib puag ncig cov hlau nplaum lossis cov xaim nqa tam sim no qhov twg cov hlau nplaum tuaj yeem ntes tau. Cov teb no tsis pom, tab sis lawv cov teebmeem tuaj yeem pom los ntawm kev txav ntawm cov khoom sib nqus lossis kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau nplaum thiab hluav taws xob.
Sib nqus teb yog tsim los ntawm kev txav ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob, xws li cov dej ntws ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv cov hlau los yog kev sib hloov ntawm cov hluav taws xob hauv cov atom. Cov kev taw qhia thiab lub zog ntawm cov hlau nplaum yog txiav txim siab los ntawm kev taw qhia thiab kev txav ntawm cov nqi no. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug bar hlau nplaum, lub magnetic teb muaj zog tshaj ntawm tus ncej thiab tsis muaj zog tshaj nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub teb yog los ntawm sab qaum teb ncej mus rau sab qab teb ncej.
Lub zog ntawm cov hlau nplaum feem ntau yog ntsuas hauv chav ntsuas ntawm tesla (T) lossis gauss (G), thiab kev taw qhia ntawm thaj chaw tuaj yeem piav qhia siv txoj cai sab xis, uas hais tias yog tus ntiv tes xoo ntawm sab tes xis taw tes hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm tam sim no, ces cov ntiv tes yuav curl nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub magnetic teb.
Sib nqus teb muaj ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog hauv cov motors thiab generators, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines, thiab hauv cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia li hard drives. Lawv kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb thiab engineering, xws li hauv particle accelerators thiab sib nqus levitation tsheb ciav hlau.
Kev nkag siab txog tus cwj pwm thiab cov khoom ntawm magnetic teb yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau yam kev kawm, suav nrog electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, thiab cov ntaub ntawv science.
Tshooj 3: Kev Sib Txuas Ntawm Cov Hlau nplaum tas mus li
Cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov, tseem hu ua "cov khoom siv hlau nplaum tas mus li" lossis "cov khoom siv hlau nplaum tas mus li," feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm ferromagnetic lossis ferrimagnetic cov ntaub ntawv. Cov ntaub ntawv no raug xaiv rau lawv lub peev xwm khaws tau ib qho chaw sib nqus, tso cai rau lawv tsim cov nyhuv sib nqus zoo sib xws nyob rau lub sijhawm.
Cov khoom siv ferromagnetic feem ntau siv hauv cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov yog hlau, npib tsib xee, thiab cobalt, uas tuaj yeem ua alloyed nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus los txhim kho lawv cov khoom sib nqus. Piv txwv li, cov hlau nplaum neodymium yog ib hom hlau nplaum uas tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb uas muaj xws li neodymium, hlau, thiab boron, thaum samarium cobalt hlau nplaum yog tsim los ntawm samarium, cobalt, hlau, thiab tooj liab.
Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm cov yam ntxwv xws li qhov kub thiab txias uas lawv yuav siv, qhov xav tau lub zog thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov hlau nplaum, thiab daim ntawv thov. Piv txwv li, qee cov hlau nplaum yuav raug tsim los tiv thaiv qhov kub thiab txias, thaum lwm tus yuav raug tsim los tsim cov hlau nplaum muaj zog hauv ib qho kev taw qhia tshwj xeeb.
Ntxiv rau lawv cov khoom siv hlau nplaum tseem ceeb, cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov kuj tseem tuaj yeem muaj cov txheej txheem los yog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj kev xeb lossis puas tsuaj, nrog rau kev tsim thiab kev ua haujlwm los tsim cov duab tshwj xeeb thiab ntau thiab tsawg rau kev siv ntau yam.
Tshooj 4: Hom Cov Hlau nplaum tas mus li
Cov hlau nplaum tas mus li tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau hom raws li lawv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov khoom sib nqus, thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Nov yog qee yam ntawm cov hom hlau nplaum ruaj khov:
1.Neodymium hlau nplaum: Cov hlau nplaum tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb no yog tsim los ntawm neodymium, hlau, thiab boron, thiab yog hom hlau nplaum ruaj khov uas muaj zog tshaj plaws. Lawv muaj lub zog sib nqus siab thiab tuaj yeem siv rau ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog cov motors, generators, thiab cov khoom siv kho mob.
2.Samarium cobalt hlau nplaum: Cov hlau nplaum tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb no yog tsim los ntawm samarium, cobalt, hlau, thiab tooj liab, thiab paub txog lawv qhov kub thiab txias thiab corrosion kuj. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov xws li aerospace thiab tiv thaiv, thiab nyob rau hauv high-kev ua tau zoo motors thiab generators.
3.Ferrite hlau nplaum: Kuj hu ua cov hlau nplaum ceramic, ferrite hlau nplaum yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv ceramic tov nrog hlau oxide. Lawv muaj lub zog sib nqus qis dua li cov hlau nplaum hauv ntiaj teb uas tsis tshua muaj, tab sis pheej yig dua thiab siv dav hauv cov ntawv thov xws li hais lus, lub cev muaj zog, thiab cov hlau nplaum tub yees.
4.Alnico hlau nplaum: Cov hlau nplaum no yog tsim los ntawm txhuas, npib tsib xee, thiab cobalt, thiab paub txog lawv lub zog sib nqus thiab qhov kub thiab txias. Lawv feem ntau siv rau hauv kev lag luam xws li sensors, meters, thiab hluav taws xob motors.
5.Bonded hlau nplaum: Cov hlau nplaum no yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov hmoov sib nqus nrog cov hlua khi, thiab tuaj yeem tsim ua cov duab thiab ntau thiab tsawg. Lawv feem ntau siv rau hauv daim ntawv thov xws li sensors, automotive Cheebtsam, thiab cov khoom siv kho mob.
Qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov hlau nplaum ruaj khov yog nyob ntawm cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb, suav nrog qhov xav tau lub zog sib nqus, qhov kub thiab txias, tus nqi, thiab kev txwv kev tsim khoom.
Tshooj 5: Cov Hlau nplaum ua haujlwm li cas?
Cov hlau nplaum ua haujlwm los ntawm kev tsim cov chaw sib nqus uas cuam tshuam nrog lwm cov khoom sib nqus lossis nrog cov hluav taws xob tam sim no. Lub magnetic teb yog tsim los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub sij hawm sib nqus hauv cov khoom, uas yog microscopic sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb ncej uas tsim kom muaj zog sib nqus.
Nyob rau hauv ib tug ruaj khov hlau nplaum, xws li ib tug bar hlau nplaum, lub sij hawm sib nqus yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb kev taw qhia, yog li ntawd lub magnetic teb muaj zog tshaj ntawm tus ncej thiab tsis muaj zog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Thaum muab tso rau ze ntawm cov khoom sib nqus, cov hlau nplaum ua rau lub zog ntawm cov khoom, xws li attracting lossis repelling nws nyob ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm lub sijhawm sib nqus.
Nyob rau hauv ib tug electromagnet, lub magnetic teb yog tsim los ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob tam sim no ntws los ntawm ib tug coil ntawm hlau. Cov hluav taws xob tam sim no tsim ib qho chaw sib nqus uas nyob ib sab mus rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov dej ntws tam sim no, thiab lub zog ntawm cov hlau nplaum tuaj yeem tswj tau los ntawm kev kho cov nqi tam sim no los ntawm lub kauj. Electromagnets yog dav siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov xws li motors, hais lus, thiab generators.
Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm magnetic teb thiab hluav taws xob tam sim no kuj yog lub hauv paus rau ntau yam kev siv thev naus laus zis, suav nrog cov tshuab hluav taws xob, hloov pauv, thiab hluav taws xob motors. Hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob, piv txwv li, kev sib hloov ntawm cov hlau nplaum nyob ze ntawm lub coil ntawm cov xaim induces hluav taws xob tam sim no hauv cov hlau, uas tuaj yeem siv los tsim hluav taws xob hluav taws xob. Nyob rau hauv ib lub tshuab hluav taws xob, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm qhov sib nqus ntawm lub cev muaj zog thiab cov tam sim no ntws los ntawm cov coil ntawm cov hlau tsim ib lub zog uas ua rau lub cev muaj zog tig.
Raws li tus yam ntxwv no, peb tuaj yeem tsim ib qho tshwj xeeb sib nqus ncej kev npaj rau splicing los txhim kho cov hlau nplaum lub zog hauv ib cheeb tsam tshwj xeeb thaum ua haujlwm, xws li Halbeck.
Post lub sij hawm: Mar-24-2023